Analysis Of The Poem Battle Royal By Ralph Ellison

In the excerpt, â€Å"Battle Royal† by Ralph Ellison explores the defining issue of racism in America by highlighting the use of power white people use to oppress black people. He signifies the start of black people’s oppression through the inclusion of the white man’s role. Ellison expresses how white men exercises their power in many forms like political, class, and racial to continue to make blacks feel inferior. The idea of the white man’s power is exercised in â€Å"The Meaning of a Word† by Gloria Naylor when she argues that the use of â€Å"nigger† as a social term is not internalization racism in America. This paper will compare the cause of white men using their power to continue to make other races feel inferior as told by Ellison’s claim and†¦show more content†¦He asserts his claim to the reader that America was built on the hard work and mistreatment of blacks while white men abused their power and got rewarded fo r their work. Reward in which blacks â€Å"could not see† (Ellison 186). The effect of these beginning stages of oppression for blacks are psychological. As articulated in Naylor’s piece, the term â€Å"nigger† is used to belittle blacks. She writes, â€Å"He snatched his test from me and spit out that word. Had he called me a nymphomaniac or a necrophiliac, I couldn’t have been more puzzled. I didn’t know what nigger was, but I knew that whatever it meant, it was something he shouldn’t have called me† (Naylor 1). Through the personal narration, Naylor invokes a sense of empathy to her experience that is common for many African Americans. The racial bigotry taught to this young boy stings the author. When she states he â€Å"snatched his test from me and spit out that word†, Naylor asserts the haughtiness of that word. The same emotions that blacks have felt for years toward it. that young white boy was taught to use that word to hate and to humiliate and he succeed. By blindfolding the black boys, the white men reassert their dominance. They use money, and slurs to â€Å"keep them in place†. Ellison states, â€Å"But now I felt a sudden fit of blind terror. I was unused to darkness. It was as though I had suddenly found myself in a dark room filled with poisonous cottonmouths. I could

Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs - 1757 Words

During the 1800s, slaves received treatment comparable to that of livestock. They were mere possessions of white men stripped of almost every last bit of humanity in them. African-Americans were constricted to this state of mind by their owners vicious treatment, but also the practice of keeping them uneducated. Keeping the slaves illiterate hindered them from understanding the world around them. Slave owners knew this. The slaves who were able to read and write always rebelled more against their masters. Frederick Douglass, author of A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, were prime examples. Both slaves had been taught how read and write at a young†¦show more content†¦Douglass never received another beating throughout his last four years of slavery after that incident. Harriet Jacobs on the contrary to Douglass, had no idea she was a slave until she was six years old. Her first mistress t reated her very well, almost as if she were white. She was taught how to read and write. The majority of Jacobs family, excluding her father, served the family of her first mistress very well, and the family returned the favor by treating their slaves with a little bit of dignity. Her mistress also taught her the Bible. This teaching allowed for Jacobs to know the rights and wrongs being done to her and other slaves. Harriet picked up on the conversations around her after her mother died, and she figured out she was a slave from the discussions. After her first mistress died, Jacobs was put on the auction block for sale as a farm tool. A man named Dr. Flint purchased her and her brother. Jacobs depicted a gruesome scene of the auction block: These God-breathing machines are no moreÂ…than the cotton they plant, or the horses they tend. (Jacobs, p.11) Jacobs real father was such a skilled craftsmen that he had more feelings of a freed slave than most others, and in the r aising of his children, this thought pattern reflected especially William. This proved to make things rougher for both Jacobs and her brother William with their new master. JacobsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Fredrick Douglas And Harriet Jacobs1717 Words   |  7 Pagesthem from understanding the world around them. Slave owners knew this. The slaves who were able to read and write always rebelled more against their masters. Frederick Douglass, author of A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, were prime examples. Both slaves had been taught how read and write at a young age, and both gained their freedom by escaping to the northern states. What they had learned also helped themRead MoreHarriet Jacobs Vs. Douglas1263 Words   |  6 PagesTamera Buckner Ashley Morgan ENG 1013 D3 25 2/21/2016 Harriet Jacobs vs Fredrick Douglas Slavery was one of the most tragic memories known for in the black race. Slavery is the process at which an African American is purchased by a Caucasian who is used for exhausting labor work such as picking cotton, or tending to house work and being restricted from freedom. All of the slaves were used and abused physically, mentally, and emotionally. In some cases abuse was the death of many of those slavesRead MoreSlavery : A Prominent Source Of The American Economy907 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery and other citizens who were anti-slavery. Slave speeches such as Henry Brown, Harriet Jacobs, and also abolitionist such as William Lloyd Garrison and Fredrick Douglas; made it clear that the existence of slavery brands republicanism as a sham, humanity as a base pretense, and also Christianity as a lie. These three arguments were presented in Fredrick Douglass’s speech in Rochester, New York in July 1852. Fredrick Douglass was a slave who rose to become a voice for the African Am ericans in theRead MoreThe Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1779 Words   |  8 Pagesbooks Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass, and stories from the anthology Spider Woman’s Web, recount the stories of individuals who succeeded in obtaining their right to human dignity. Their journey to freedom occurred while simultaneously having to fight prejudicial obstacles, laws, and punishments inflicted by discriminatory societies as well as individual people. Harriet Jacobs recounted her personal experiences under the pseudonym Linda Brent inRead MoreThe Rich Cultural Practices Of Africa966 Words   |  4 Pagesreceived the name Gustavas Vassa by his captive against his will. As he went from master to master, they named him whatever they chose, as if he was a pet, going from Olaudah to Jacob to Michael to Gustavus. When Equiano’s master told him he would be called Gustavus Vassa, he refused and told his master his name was Jacob, he recalls the scene from his childhood while he was on board a slave ship, â€Å"When I refused to answer to my new name, which at first I did, it gained me many a cuff; so at lengthRead MoreThe Path to Aboliton 1312 Words   |  5 Pagesof these accounts allowed African Americans to show the world their mastery of language and the ability to write their own history. One example of such a writer was Fredrick Douglass. He was one of the most famous leaders of the abolitionist movement. After he escaped slavery, he published his story, Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, which sold over 30,000 copies between 1845 and 1860. Douglass’s decent into the most brutal conditions of slavery were described in his work as well as hisRead MoreSlavery And The Slavery Of Slavery Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pagestime periods and regions; in 1739, you have the Stono Rebellion, people used laws to argue their cases of injustice, such as Emanuel Pieterson and Dorothy Angola, who fought for the freedom of their child and David Walker, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacob who used literature to speak against the institution of slavery. Another aspect was that freedom had a different definition in the north and in the south. Northern freedmen and women had often better opportunities and often we able to use educationRead MoreIncidents During The Life O f A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs1818 Words   |  8 PagesSlave Girl Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs is an Autobiography from the point of view of a southern slave. She has named herself Linda Brent in the book to keep her identity anonymous. The book takes place in between 1820-1840 in which slavery was still legal and common throughout the United States south. The book begins in an unnamed town in the south in which the protagonist was raised in as a slave. Harriet Jacobs wrote the book to shine light on how slaves were treatedRead MoreIn 1619, The First Group Of African Slaves Was Brought1675 Words   |  7 Pageshuman. This cruel treatment and fickle system eventually sparked a new movement called the abolitionist movement. Fighting for the rights of slaves as well as the eventual complete abolition of slavery, many abolitionist writers like Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs told powerful stories of their struggles in slavery and gave strong imagery of this cruel empire. While slavery was becoming a heated issue, women also started to demand equality with man and more rights. In a man’s world, women wereRead MoreCultural Analysis Of Cesar Jacobs s Cultural Analysis2073 Words   |  9 PagesRaul Rios Professor Peters English 2327 30 April 2016 Harriett Jacobs: Cultural Analysis Cultural analysis can be associated with a person’s race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or region. An easy way to examine a person’s cultural analysis is to simply pull up a text book and or a website about the person and find very good information about the person. Yet when it comes to famous writers of history, their cultural analysis can be determined through their marvelous and significant

Corporate Finance Companies Under Various Situations

Question: Describe about the Corporate Finance for Companies Under Various Situations. Answer: 1. Management of the companies under various situations use scenario and sensitivity analysis to arrive at proper decision making. A proper decision making which involves lot of situations under which one needs to input in key variables and then see the output. A typical situation when scenario analysis is used are like business decision making, capital investment decisions. Sensitivity analysis involves changing inputs constantly to see what would be the possible output under different levels of input. This kind of analysis helps in better understanding of the scenario and sensitivity that different inputs can have on the output. It is very important to understand that business output can have different levels of achievement under different situations. Each of this situations can lead to different kind of output and hence it is very important that one understands about it. Management of the company would like to see what can be the degree of sensitivity. The degree of sensitivity ca n helps one understand what the possible impact is and whether or not one should take the business decision of yes. Let us understand this with an example (Aksenov, 2015). Company X wants to invest in a project whose returns are dependent on the economy. Let us say that in case the economy is aggressive project will have a return of 18%, if economy is moderately growing it will have a return of 8%, while if the economy is on recession it will be returning 2%. This is scenario analysis, this kind of situations can help the management understand whether or not to take the project. In another case if the output of production is related to resource planning in the company and output is also a function of how the company perceives demand in the market. In this situation it can be good for the management to have an output which will help them see what would be the desired production levels under different demand scenarios and what kind of sensitivity it will develop in the resource planning. This can also be seen from a different side where the fixed variable is demand and resources, then what would be the capacity utilization of the company. This decision making techniques already involves lot of measurement methods like NPV, IRR, and payback period. However it could be interesting for the management to see how at different cost of capital levels the key project evaluation parameters like NPV, IRR and payback period changes. Project evaluation methods are very critical, however implementing different sensitivity and scenario analysis techniques can take it to another level. It is very important to understand that project appraisal methods like these involves lot of scenario based assumption. Businesses approves project on the risks that even in worst case scenario the losses would be minimized. This is why it would be very important for any management of the business to have a look at all the possible outcomes of a particular project under different levels of input. This also helps the management in maximizing the returns of a project by providing the maximum level of resources which are available for the project (Akseno v, 2015). Sensitivity analysis in particular helps in knowing the degree of sensitivity that a project faces against different input variables. Business houses and the respective management has used it extensively for years to figure out on what would be the best situation for a particular project to work. Sensitivity analysis actually helps in figuring out the degree to which the output is sensitive to a particular input variable for the company. The input variables helps in designing and optimizing the inputs in this case which can result in maximizing the input. Lets say if the sensitivity analysis of a stock investment recommendation suggests that if the cost of the capital of the company rises by 2%, then the share price of the company will fall down by X%. The management of the fund house who intend to see such analysis for investment purpose can then see what is the actual probability of cost of capital rising by 2% in the near term for the investment potential company. IRR, NPV and payback period are indicators which are based on the cash flow from a particular project. But what if that a particular variable in the whole project has the capacity to actual distort the cash flow. It will in turn change the IRR, NPV and payback period completely. This is the reason why it is very important to build in a sensitivity analysis model and also a scenario based model, this actually helps in making better decisions. A proper decision making which involves lot of situations under which one needs to input in key variables and then see the output. A typical situation when scenario analysis is used are like business decision making, capital investment decisions. Sensitivity analysis involves changing inputs constantly to see what would be the possible output under different levels of input. This kind of analysis helps in better understanding of the scenario and sensitivity that different inputs can have on the output. It is very important to understand that busi ness output can have different levels of achievement under different situations. Each of this situations can lead to different kind of output and hence it is very important that one understands about it. Management of the company would like to see what can be the degree of sensitivity. The degree of sensitivity can helps one understand what the possible impact is and whether or not one should take the business decision of yes. 2. Capital Asset pricing model (CAPM) helps in determining the cost of equity for a particular entity. While this cost of equity when is mapped under different inputs will provide us the Capital market line (CML) which in turn can be used to determine and optimize the actual cost of equity for the company. Historically CAPM models have been extensively used by companies to determine the cost of equity and then work out the fair price of the asset by using the same as discounting rate. This is subject to the fact that cost of asset acquisition only involves equity. In case it involves debt one need to do a weighted average of the debt and equity proportion to determine the cost of capital. CML model helps in optimizing the variables so that company can reach the desired cost of equity. For example if the risk free rate in the country reduces it will reduce the cost of capital. As per CAPM model, Cost of equity for an entity = Risk Free Rate + Beta* (Expected Market Return Risk Free R ate). When this output is plotted against different beta levels, it will provide use the CML line which then can be used for optimization. One can do different levels of sensitivity analysis to determine the actual cost of equity which companies want to achieve. Assumption here is the fact that Government wont be defaulting on their debt. One can here argue whether it is advisable to make changes to the available rate so that some prudency can be provided to the model. This changes can act as an insulation for the model in case of tough times for the Govt. The companies across the world has used the models extensively to determine the optimized cost of equity under the current scenario. This kind of tools also help in determining whether for capital raising equity should be the way forward in the current scenario or debt. Historically CAPM models have been extensively used by companies to determine the cost of equity and then work out the fair price of the asset by using the same as discounting rate. This is subject to the fact that cost of asset acquisition only involves equity. In case it involves debt one need to do a weighted average of the debt and equity proportion to determine the cost of capital. Risk Free Rate is generally determined by using the Govt. long term debt papers yield which is considered to be safe proxy for the risk free rate. Assumption here is the fact that Government wont be defaulting on their debt. One can here argue whether it is advisable to make changes to the available rate so that some prudency can be provided to the model. This changes can act as an insulation for the model in case of tough times for the Govt. The companies across the world has used the models extensively to determine the optimized cost of equity under the current scenario. This kind of tools also help in determining whether for capital raising equity should be the way forward in the current scenario or debt. Historically CAPM models have been extensively used by companies to determine the cost of equity and then work out the fair price of the asset by using the same as discounting rate. This is subject to the fact that cost of asset acquisition only involves equity. In case it involv es debt one need to do a weighted average of the debt and equity proportion to determine the cost of capital. CML model helps in optimizing the variables so that company can reach the desired cost of equity. For example if the risk free rate in the country reduces it will reduce the cost of capital. As per CAPM model, Cost of equity for an entity = Risk Free Rate + Beta* (Expected Market Return Risk Free Rate). When this output is plotted against different beta levels, it will provide use the CML line which then can be used for optimization. CML model helps in optimizing the variables so that company can reach the desired cost of equity. For example if the risk free rate in the country reduces it will reduce the cost of capital. As per CAPM model, Cost of equity for an entity = Risk Free Rate + Beta* (Expected Market Return Risk Free Rate). When this output is plotted against different beta levels, it will provide use the CML line which then can be used for optimization. One can do different levels of sensitivity analysis to determine the actual cost of equity which companies want to achieve. Assumption here is the fact that Government wont be defaulting on their debt. One can here argue whether it is advisable to make changes to the available rate so that some prudency can be provided to the model. This changes can act as an insulation for the model in case of tough times for the Govt. The companies across the world has used the models extensively to determine the optimized cost of equity under the current scenario. Th is kind of tools also help in determining whether for capital raising equity should be the way forward in the current scenario or debt. Risk Free Rate is generally determined by using the Govt. long term debt papers yield which is considered to be safe proxy for the risk free rate. Assumption here is the fact that Government wont be defaulting on their debt. One can here argue whether it is advisable to make changes to the available rate so that some prudency can be provided to the model. This changes can act as an insulation for the model in case of tough times for the Govt. The companies across the world has used the models extensively to determine the optimized cost of equity under the current scenario. This kind of tools also help in determining whether for capital raising equity should be the way forward in the current scenario or debt. Historically CAPM models have been extensively used by companies to determine the cost of equity and then work out the fair price of the asset by using the same as discounting rate. This is subject to the fact that cost of asset acquisition only involves equity. In case it involves debt one need to do a weighted average of the debt and equity proportion to determine the cost of capital. CML model helps in optimizing the variables so that company can reach the desired cost of equity. References: Aksenov, V.V., Walter, A.V., Gordeyev, A.A. and Kosovets, A.V., 2015. Classification of geokhod units and systems based on product cost analysis and estimation for a prototype model production. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering(Vol. 91, No. 1, p. 012088). IOP Publishing Barringer, B., 2012.Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012) Du, J., Cook, W.D., Liang, L. and Zhu, J., 2014. Fixed cost and resource allocation based on DEA cross-efficiency.European Journal of Operational Research,235(1), pp.206-214 Goodacre, C.J. and Naylor, W.P., 2016. Single implant and crown versus fixed partial denture: A cost-benefit, patient-centred analysis.European Journal of Oral Implantology,9(2), pp.S59-S68 Haarlemmer, G., Boissonnet, G., Imbach, J., Setier, P.A. and Peduzzi, E., 2012. Second generation BtL type biofuelsa production cost analysis.Energy Environmental Science,5(9), pp.8445-8456 Hannula, I., 2015. Co-production of synthetic fuels and district heat from biomass residues, carbon dioxide and electricity: Performance and cost analysis.Biomass and Bioenergy,74, pp.26-46 Kazlauskien?, V. and Christauskas, ?., 2015. Business valuation model based on the analysis of business value drivers.Engineering Economics,57(2) Machui, F., Hsel, M., Li, N., Spyropoulos, G.D., Ameri, T., Sndergaard, R.R., Jrgensen, M., Scheel, A., Gaiser, D., Kreul, K. and Lenssen, D., 2014. Cost analysis of roll-to-roll fabricated ITO free single and tandem organic solar modules based on data from manufacture.Energy Environmental Science,7(9), pp.2792-2802

Nonfiction Writers Who Prove That Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction - The Writers For Hire

NONFICTION WRITERS WHO PROVE THAT TRUTH IS STRANGER THAN FICTION It has been said that truth can be stranger than fiction. But, there are some nonfiction authors who take that idea to the extreme with their unbelievable true life stories. In a quest to find the most incredible nonfiction stories, the writers at Off the Shelf sat down with author, Sara Gran, and compiled a list of some of the most engaging nonfiction books out there. They share their finds on this great article titled 8 Nonfiction Books That Are Stranger Than Fiction. From the government’s attempt at warfare through hypnosis, music, baby lambs, and pure love in The Men Who Stare at Goats by Jon Ronson, to tales from the hidden corners of scientology in Lawrence Wright’s Going Clear, the stories encapsulated in these books are simply incredible. And, of course, a list of unbelievable true stories would not be complete without a mention of Sybil, originally made famous by the 1963 book about a woman with multiple personalities, that was later made into a movie. In Sybil Exposed, by Debbie Nathan, the author introduces the possibility that the whole story of Sybil having multiple personalities may have been fabricated—and that Multiple Personality Disorder may not actually be real at all. Now, if that is not stranger than fiction, I don’t know what is! For more great true life story nonfiction books, check out these recommendations from goodreads.com.

Body Art Essay Example

Body Art Essay Example Body Art Paper Body Art Paper Body art is a practice whereby people use forms of artistic expression to decorate their bodies in order to indicate their status, religious devotion, desired protection against the evil and diseases. People express themselves for many different reasons for getting various forms of body art. Some could mean personal expression, cultural expression while other continues to decorate their bodies as means of remembering some important time or event in their lives. In different cultures, various parts of the body are painted and the pattern of painting may reflect age, gender or social status. In the United States women decorate their faces with cosmetics after they reach puberty while in some societies; men mark their adult status by painting designs on their babies. Babies and children may also be adorned by painting designs on their bodies or faces. There are different styles of body art and these include; a) Scarification- is the process of decorating the body by inflicting wounds and allowing wounds to heal. It is performed by people trained in the art. The marks can be of different shapes and form a decorative pattern. This is common among the Samoans b) Tattooing- is widely practiced worldwide and is a procedure of permanently marking the skin with ink or dye. The process is painful and extensive tattoos are a mark of stoicism. Various parts of the body may also be pierced or otherwise surgically altered. c) Piercing- is a procedure in which a sharp instrument is passed through a fold skin or part of the body. The process is very painful and it takes time for a person to decide to go for it. d) Body paint- is a temporary form of body art which includes Mehndi. Mehndi is the Indian tradition of decorating a womans hands and feet with henna dye, originally done to celebrate her wedding. The patterns are very intricate and usually take several hours to complete. e) Permanent Makeup- is a form of tattooing. This makeup is most commonly applied to eyebrows, upper and lower eyelids and lips. It can last anywhere from four to six years. f) Body Play or Shaping- is the most severe form of body art. It includes body suspension, waist/corset training, implanting foreign objects under the skin, e. g. , inserting metal spikes into the skull or inserting marbles under the skin Body art practice in some societies is highly regarded. In most societies body art is/ was done with a reason and it depended with the occasion, the status of a person in the society. In some communities body art showed some form of bravely because the experience is very painful. When members of one culture consumes the visual arts of another, the social and the cultural context shifts and in the process the tastes and expectations of the outside consumers may reshape and redefine the artistic or culture that produced the art objects. Body art has created jobs for those who are practicing it. Many people are being trained to do body art. At the same time some forms of body art are being related to crime as some body marks depict crime or any other social vice. However body art if not done properly on the body can be a health risk as it involves body piercing which can lead to bacterial or viral infection and other complications which may be harmful to the body. References Mari Womack (2000) Being Human, 2nd Edition Lahn D. (1999); Body Piercing; St. Martins Griffin

Naming Babies

Naming Babies Naming Babies Naming Babies By Maeve Maddox Throughout history, cultures have attached great importance to names. In some cultures people, like cats, have secret names known only to themselves. Most parents I know spent hours, days, even months writing down possible names, doing the best to ensure that their final choice would go with their surname and that the child’s initials wouldn’t spell out a word that could provoke ridicule. American culture may not place the same value on the naming rite as some others. If you watched the movie Pulp Fiction, you may remember what one of the characters says about the meaninglessness of American names. Nevertheless I was astounded to read that in 1994 in New York City, 2,516 baby girls were named Female. In that same year, 3,639 baby boys received the name Male. Their parents hadn’t bothered to give them a name, so the sex designated on their papers was recorded as the given name. Although some of the parents later provided genuine names, many of the children grew up with names pronounced [fuh-MAHL-ee] and [MAH-lee], respectively. Some countries have laws that curb excessive imagination in naming newborns. The United States is not one of them. American celebrities tend to choose unusual names for their offspring. For example: Indiana August Moses Amadeus Satchel Seamus Seven Sirius Apple Zowie Some non-celebrities go further: Hippo Jedi Thunder Popeye Espn Google Burger Vanille J’Adore Shoog Despite names like these, a glance at the most popular names given to babies in the United States decade by decade reveals that traditional names have staying power. Good old-fashioned â€Å"Mary† remained in the top three until the 1970s; â€Å"Michael† made it into the 21st century. Here are the top three name choices for boys and girls (Social Security statistics) for each decade since 1930: 1930 Boys: Robert, James, John Girls: Mary, Betty, Barbara 1940 Boys: James, Robert, John Girls: Mary, Barbara, Patricia 1950 Boys: James, Robert, John Girls: Linda, Mary, Patricia 1960 Boys: David, Michael, James Girls: Mary, Susan, Linda 1970 Boys: Michael, James, David Girls: Jennifer, Lisa, Kimberly 1980 Boys: Michael, Christopher, Jason Girls: Jennifer, Amanda, Jessica 1990 Boys: Michael, Christopher, Matthew Girls: Jessica, Ashley, Brittany 2000 Boys: Jacob, Michael, Matthew Girls: Emily, Hannah, Madison The tide seems to be turning. Judging by 2013 figures, the boys are on their way to exotic names, while the girls are headed back to more traditional choices: 2013 Boys: Jackson, Aiden, Liam Girls: Sophia, Emma, Olivia 1880s Boys: John, William, James Girls: Mary, Anna, Emma Related post: Names ‘Epicene’ and Otherwise Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You50 Synonyms for "Assistant"Advance vs. Advanced

Explain the function of religion (e.g from a sociological, Essay

Explain the function of religion (e.g from a sociological, pychological and anthropological perspective). Can the relationship between religion and magic be seen as dangerous - Essay Example Religion is supposed to define the way of living of a society. . The sociological functions of religion are far more than that could be written in words and explained. Religions serve in a society by affecting the life style of a mere individual and by affecting a whole society. Religion is supposed to be a key stone in a society on which the whole society exists and survives. Different religions serve as a form of identity for the societies of the world. They define the way of living and provide order to a society. â€Å"The ten Commandments† given to Moses served as a source through which the followers of that particular religion defined their way of living. However, religions are supposed to have both positive and negative impacts in a society. As man is considered as both the creator and the creation of society, religions is supposed to take away the supposed freedom from the man that allows him to rule this world in his own way. According to some people with a different mindset, religion is thought to create a social conflict by opp ressing the people in the society and creating illusions to ease pain (Leming 1998). However this role of religion has not been accepted by a major group of people who consider religion as a source of harmony. Whether from a same region or not, from the same ethnicity or not, people of the same religion get together at specific times. This allows them to get to know each other properly and make the bond between them more and more strong. Christmas, Hajj and many other religious festivals are such examples when people from around the world get together at one place, families reunite; friends meet and enjoy the company of each other. Religions are solely responsible for such happenings which serve as an important factor in the strength of a society. All the important factors that contribute to the development

Education Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education 1 - Assignment Example The majorities of the schools have deserted conventional means of exchange of ideas and made to order techniques that are based on knowledge and technology. Nearly every one of the schools has made use of network based exchange of ideas systems. In these circumstances, the schools make use of computers and sets of connections to be in touch with families. The schools also use constituency web sites to be linked with families and other citizens (Kowalski, 2010). In addition, the schools have employed electronic newsletters to help improve communication with other people in the society. Like other schools, my school uses different types of technologies to communicate with families. First, the school uses district web sites to communicate with families (Kowalski, 2010). The district administrators have developed a wide range of web sites that schools and families can use to interact. The schools post information on the websites and then the families access the information. The websites have been created well to let families and society members browse the sites. In addition, the sites make available areas where the families can mail their commentary. With the exception of using websites, the school makes use of electronic newsletters to make a statement with them. The school managers and administrators send electronic messages to parents. The school makes cards which are forwarded to parents. The techniques mentioned have been successful as indicated by good association between the school and parents. The school has been capable to work mutually with the parents to make better learners’ performance and the general presentation of the education (Kowalski, 2010). Computer technology associations are significant to schools and regions as they assist in making accurate announcement to parents and the society. Schools require directing the produce, media outlets and electronic messages so as to advertisement positive relationships. Technology association procedur e assists schools in the progress of their technology associations and improves their association with people and parents. Majority of the schools have not adopted good technology associations and this has interfered with communication with parents and society. Schools can make use of different methods to better their media associations and the school system (Kowalski, 2010). The specialized discipline of planned public associations offers a lot of remuneration to organizations. It assists them avoid and alleviate crises. Additionally, it also permits them to recognize and direct issues that may get in the way with their goals. It also allows them in structuring and maintaining quality associations with planned societies. 3. School administrators ought to encourage exposed announcement so as to be capable of developing constructive relations and improving partnerships. Most of the education centers are not capable to uphold open exchange of ideas, and this affects media relationship deficiently. The administrators of these schools should hold up free communication so as to develop high-quality relationship with press journalists (Kowalski, 2010). The managers and administrators of the schools should support empowerment. They must approve the press personnel and extra people involved. Through motivating the press, human resources and other community members assist in easing the association betwe

Mr. Jayanti Purohit Essay Example for Free

Mr. Jayanti Purohit Essay Q 1. When Shanaya Malkan boarded her Air India flight to London in Mumbai, she was seated in the middle of an unkempt person who apparently had not bathed recently on one side and a baby crying on the other. The person in front of her immediately reclined his seat. Shanaya knew she would not be comfortable in making the seven hour long trip under these circumstances. What can Shanaya do to make the trip more comfortable? Q 2. Ms. Anjali Chaturvedi is the head of the sales division in Fedington Technologies. Whenever she asks for feedback during the departmental meetings, she blasts anyone offering criticism which causes her sub-ordinates to agree to everything she says and not voice their true opinion on the way they manage their functioning. You want to talk to her about it , but what should you say ? List some of the points that you would like to make with when you would discuss this issue with her.

Biological and Psychoanalytic Perspectives in Psychology Essay

The psychoanalytic perspective grew out of subsequent psychoanalytic theories (1901, 1924, and 1940) following decades of interactions with clients with the use of an innovative procedure developed by Sigmund Freud that required lengthy verbal interactions with patients during which Freud probed deep into their lives. In a nutshell, the psychoanalytic perspective looked to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focussing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges. The Biological perspective on the other hand looks at the physiological bases of behaviour in humans and animals. It proposes that an organism’s functioning can be described in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that cause behaviour. This paper attempts to examine the similarities and differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the biologica l perspective with the key focus on the core assumptions and features of these perspectives as well as their individual strengths and weaknesses. The biological perspective examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour. It emphasizes that the brain and nervous system are central to understanding behaviour, thought, and emotion. It is believed that thoughts and emotions have a physical basis in the brain. Electrical impulses zoom throughout the brain’s cells, releasing chemical substances that enable us to think, feel, and behave. Renà © Descartes (1596–1650) wrote an influential book (De Homine [On Man]) in which he tried to explain how the behaviour of animals, and to some extent the behaviour of humans, could be like t... ...m and Irving B. Weiner Freud, S. (1957b). Some character types met with in psychoanalytic work. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 309–333). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1916) McKinley, J. and Fryer, D. (2004), Higher Psychology: Approaches and Method. KEEGAN, G. (2002) Hodder and Stoughton, London, 298 pp Introduction to psychology 5t ed - Morgan and king Psychology science and understanding Barry d. smith (1998) McGraw-Hill Psyhology making sense david A. STATT - NEW YORK- HARPER AND ROW 1977 HANDBOOK of PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 5 PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Theodore Millon, Melvin J. Lerner/ Irving B. Weiner: Editor-in-Chief Waiten,W., (2007) Seventh Edition Psychology Themes and Variations. University of Nevada, Las Vegas: Thomson Wadsworth.

Hand book customer service Essay

Policies: policies (structure, use, focus, customer requirements/expectations, product and service knowledge, consultation, confidentiality, customer perceptions and satisfaction, monitor customer service and satisfaction, influences affecting implementation, effective communication) Quality of service: methods of assessment; customer expectations; standardised procedures; codes of practice; staff levels (staffing levels, staff competency, flexibility, reliability and responsiveness) Evaluation: purpose; sources of feedback; accuracy; relevance; reliability; validity; methods of data collection; improvements; staff training and development Hospitality industry: industries within the hospitality industry eg hotels, restaurants, pubs, bars and nightclubs, contract food service providers, hospitality services, membership clubs, events 2. Understand the purpose of promoting a customer-focused culture Communication: types eg verbal, non-verbal body language, written; types of response; use; effect Customer: central role; customer service culture; identifying and analysing customer requirements and expectations; influences of service provision on customer perceptions Benefits of improved service: customer satisfaction, repeat business, improved reputation, increased profit  3. Be able to investigate customer requirements and expectations Requirements: sources of information eg customers, staff, management, customer records, past information Module Handbook C. Ugoji Sept, 2013 Page 2 Unit Handbook Unit 4: The Customer Service Primary research: primary research eg sampling, qualitative, quantitative; interview eg individual, group, survey, observation; contact methods eg mail, telephone, personal Secondary research: internal eg sales records, yield data, financial information, client databases; external eg government publications, trade journals, periodicals, professional associations, national organisations, commercial data Satisfaction levels: planning; strategy; assessment of options using researched information; role of the business and services manager; staffing levels; motivating staff; improvements 4. Be able to provide customer service within business and services contexts to meet required standards  Types of customers: different age groups eg the elderly, children; different cultural backgrounds; special needs eg physically disabled; satisfied; dissatisfied; under influence eg drugs, alcohol, medication Customer needs: customer needs eg products and services, urgent, non-urgent, special requirements, quality of service, value for money, cultural, social; trends eg fashion, ergonomic, equipment, training, products and services, consumer protection legislation Customer service: consultation; advice; personal selling; complaints procedure; reception skills; confidentiality Learning Outcomes: To achieve this unit leaner must: 1. Understand customer service policies within business and services contexts 2. Understand the purpose of promoting a customer-focused culture 3. Be able to investigate customer requirements and expectations 4. Be able to provide customer service within business and services contexts to meet required standards. Teaching strategies used: Following are the different teaching and learning strategies, a description of how they work, where they have been applied, results, and where to find more information from individuals, books, web sites, and other resources. Lecture Notes The most basic way of supporting teaching in this module – a place for students to access lecture notes. The main advantages are reduction in the amount of college Module Handbook C. Ugoji Sept, 2013 Page 3 Unit Handbook Unit 4: The Customer Service photocopying and students can access notes prior to lecture and prepare themselves. Presenting Lectures Displaying these lecture notes with the addition of projectors using power point presentation slides to visualize the information to the students. An increasing variety of ways are utilizing to reach students of all different learning styles, to help the students to understand complicated concepts and remember them better by using master graphic tools both on whiteboard and on computers. Interactive Tutorials A set of questions have been designed for each session in assessing student learning of subject matter using both paper based and computer based assessment techniques. The web and web authoring  Students are directed to use the advanced search engine to navigate the correct and legitimate information for their assignment. Different search engines compile information using different criteria and have access to different databases. Applying technology to develop students higher order skills and creativity to manage student learning activities in a technology-enhanced environment. Group Discussions The students will be give topics and some cases with the use of case study that relates to the topic covered in each session. There will also be a follow up on the discussion using group presentation and class assessment as the case may be. Summary of lecture For every session, there will be overall summary at the end teaching session. Attempting the passing criterion in class The student must attempt one or more learning outcome question covered in each session and the evidence will be documented

Liberal Education as a Livingstone

During a time when unemployment is at its lowest since World War II, one would think that finding a job would be easy. However, at this point in time, applicants for jobs are more qualified than ever. The competition for well-paid jobs is stiff, and in order to get ahead people need not only skill in one certain area, but a general intelligence of many subjects as well. A liberal education provides the general knowledge that gives job applicants an extra edge when applying for a job. With a base of knowledge in the liberal arts and a specialization in a certain area, people prove to be beneficial to employers. Throughout this paper, I will use the term â€Å"liberal education† not only in describing subjects like English, history, philosophy etc. , but as Livingstone describes a liberal education: an education which â€Å"aims at producing as perfect and complete a human being as may be. † In using the term â€Å"liberal education† I expect that all graduates of a liberal arts college have an expertise in rhetoric, as the art of speaking and writing well is a key focus in the curriculum. I will also use the â€Å"specialized education† in reference to Livingstone†s definition: an education â€Å"which aims at earning a living or making money†. Undergraduates pursuing a liberal undergraduate education have an advantage over people with a specialized undergraduate education because liberal education provides a greater versatility in terms of a broader base of knowledge so that finding a job and excelling in different areas is easier. Training in art of rhetoric, which today is defined as the art of speaking and writing effectively, is a valuable asset for job hunters. Specialized undergraduate curriculums focus less on rhetoric than liberal arts curriculums. A person with training in rhetoric would be hired over another applicant due to their expertise in communicating ideas effectively through speech and writing. Companies aim to employ intelligent people who can express themselves wisely and eloquently because in nearly every profession, writing well and persuading others to one†s opinion is essential: scientists have to apply for grants in order to fund their research and experiments; businessmen must present proposals and of course, columnists and authors who have not mastered the skill of rhetoric are less likely to find a job and be successful in terms of status and salary. Ability to express oneself clearly and effectively designates to what level one may raise in the corporate ladder, for people with refined writing skills benefit companies to a large extent, while people with less skill in writing have less influence, and therefore less power. People with a liberal education are skilled in multiple areas and therefore can be of more benefit to employers. Rather than a specialized study in one area, a liberal education provides students with a broad range of knowledge that attracts employers. As Virtruvius says, liberal education teaches the student the connection between different disciplines. Knowing and realizing the relationship between subjects, an employee can perform a greater number of tasks and learn new ones more rapidly thus being more valuable to a company. Should a man lose his job due to it becoming extinct or other reasons, a liberal education would provide a better cushion to fall back on because of the diversity of subjects studied. For example, if a court stenographer loses his job due to a new audio technology that records and word-processes court proceedings, he would not have to, in a sense, start over for lack of knowledge in other areas. Utilizing his knowledge in rhetoric, philosophy, history, and other humanities, he could find another job without going back to school. On the other hand, the opposition would report that a liberal education would not benefit many people because a curriculum based on the humanities repels many students. Rather than take courses that disinterest them, students should specialize in subjects they enjoy. One should not waste money on an education that does not focus on one†s interests; an education that does not stimulate the student is a failed education. In order to make the most out of undergraduate years, the students should study what interests them. In rebuttal, a liberal education does not suit every personality or preference. However, in the job market, having a liberal undergraduate education and a specialized graduate education gives people an advantage, for not only are they trained specially in their specific area, but they also have a general knowledge of the liberal arts. Students interested in areas such as technology and sciences should take classes that interest them. However, in addition to the sciences courses, rhetoric classes would prove beneficial even in a scientific line of study. Every occupation entails writing in some way, and sharpening one†s writing skills only reaps more benefits when searching for a job. Many people interested in the sciences and technologies specialize during their undergraduate years, and therefore miss out on training in rhetoric. Specialists who take classes to improve writing are better-prepared and more likely for find a job. Another argument of the opposition: people who start specializing during undergraduate years are better prepared for graduate school. They master and excel in one specific area of study. Whereas, it would take someone with a general undergraduate education a longer time to master a specific area of study because of the attention spent on a broad education during undergraduate years. Instead of spending thousands of dollars on a general education, students could use the four years to specialize in the field that they enjoy. A liberal education may prove beneficial for students who are unsure about their major, but focused students should not waste their time on general education. Students who know what they want to focus on should specialize their education in order to expedite their college time and either start a masters degree or start their careers. It may take longer for a generally trained undergraduate to specialize in a certain area, but then again, if they are trained in understanding the connection between different areas of study, they may be able to pick up different subjects more quickly. There are really two issues here to refute. First, when studying, why is everything such a rush? People are in a hurry to enter the job force rather than to take their time during their schooling. I suppose the answer to the question is money. While people are in school they pay thousands of dollars and receive very little back in comparison. Once they start working they can begin the payback period. Sadly, those who enter the workforce first do win in the sense that they can start paying back their debt, while the people still in school keep accumulating debt. Second, even if people with a liberal arts education enter the workforce at the same time, they are not at a disadvantage in terms of knowledge capability as the previous argument concludes. In fact, liberal arts undergraduates may be at a slight advantage in terms of useful knowledge. For example, two applicants for a job have both had the same graduate education but one (person 1) had been trained in the liberal arts during undergraduate years, and the other (person 2) had specialized earlier. Assuming the two candidates preformed equally in gradate school, which may not be a fair assumption due to person 2†³s past knowledge and previous study, however, for argument†s sake, assume both were successful in graduate school. An employer would choose person 1 because of the liberal arts background on top of the specialized graduate schooling. An employer would know that people with a liberal arts background are not only intelligent in their specific line of study, but also understand the connection between disciplines, and would choose the person with the broad base of education. In discussing liberal arts training, one assumes that every student who graduates has a well-developed knowledge of all the subjects a liberal education offers. However, it is not fair to assume that every student attending a liberal arts undergraduate school explores each subject extensively and excels in every class. Many students take advantage of the time they spend in undergraduate school by partying on weeknights and coming to class so tired that they cannot concentrate on the lesson, or even worse, they skip class all together. This careless behavior towards schooling hurts not only the students† understanding of the material, but their grades as well. It is time that all upperclassmen graduate with honors rather than just slide by. The effect on the community and world would be astounding. Thousands of great minds graduate from college every year and become success stories like Bill Gates. Imagine every college student intellectually on par with the smartest graduate. Our world would be a different place. That is the place to which we should strive, and we have reached out goal when everyone achieves individual excellence.

PRICE Surname Meaning and Family History

PRICE Surname Meaning and Family History Price is a patronymic surname derived from the Welsh ap Rhys, meaning son of Rhys. The given name Rhys means enthusiasm in Welsh. Price is the 84th most popular surname in the United States. Price is also popular in England, coming in as the 47th most common surname. Surname Origin:  Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  PRYCE, PRIS, PRYS, PREECE, PREES, PRICE, PREIS, PREUSS   Famous People with the PRICESurname Leontyne Price  - African-American professional soprano opera singerVincent Price  -  American actorBruce Price  - architect of many of the Canadian Pacific Railways Chà ¢teau-type stations and hotelsCarey Price -  Canadian hockey goaltender for the NHL Montreal CanadiensRichard Price - Welsh philosopherWilliam Price - 19th-century Welsh physician and eccentricFlorence Beatrice Price (born Smith)  -  award-winning African-American  pianist and composer Where is the PRICE Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Price is the 1,357th most common surname in the world- found most prevalently in the United States, but most common in Wales based on percentage of the population bearing the name. The Price surname ranks as the 19th most common last name in Wales, 71st most common in England and 82nd most common in the United States. In  1881 the Price surname was most common in southern Wales, especially in Glamorganshire, Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Monmouthshire. Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also show the Price surname as especially common in Wales, as well as in the West Midlands region of England. Within the United States, Price is most common in the state of North Carolina, followed by South Carolina and West Virginia.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname PRICE 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Price, Priest, Pryce Surname DNA ProjectThis DNA project is connecting individuals with the Price surname and Welsh derivatives such as  Breece, Breeze, Brice, Bryce, Preece, Preecs, Prees, Priest, Pris, Prys, Reece, Rees, Reese, Rhys, Rice and the German variants Preis and Preuss, who are interested in using both Y-DNA and mtDNA testing to help discover common Price or Pryce ancestors. Price Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Price family crest or coat of arms for the Price surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Price Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Price ancestors around the world. Search or browse the archives for your Price ancestors, or join the group and post your own Price family query. FamilySearch - PRICE GenealogyExplore over 5.4  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Price surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - PRICE Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Price. GeneaNet - Price  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Price  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Price  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Price surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline

Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local NAACP, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man. As a result, Parks was arrested for violating a city law. Parks’ actions and subsequent arrest launched the Montgomery Bus Boycott, pushing Martin Luther King Jr. into the national spotlight. Background Jim Crow Era laws segregating African-Americans and whites in the South was a way of life and upheld by the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision. Throughout southern states, African-Americans could not use the same public facilities as white residents. Private businesses reserved the right not to serve African-Americans. In Montgomery, whites were allowed to board the bus through the front doors. African-Americans, however, had to pay in the front and then go to the back of the bus to board. It was not uncommon for a bus driver to pull off before an African-American passenger could board through the back. Whites were able to take seats in the front while African-Americans had to sit in the back. It was at the discretion of the bus driver to identify where the â€Å"colored section† was located. It is also important to remember that African-Americans could not even sit in the same row as whites. So if a white person boarded, there were no free seats, an entire row of African-American passengers would have to stand so that the white passenger could sit. Montgomery Bus Boycott Timeline 1954 Professor Joann Robinson, president of the Women’s Political Council (WPC), meets with Montgomery city officials to discuss changes to the bus system- namely segregation. 1955 March On March 2, Claudette Colvin, a fifteen-year-old girl from Montgomery, is arrested for refusing to allow a white passenger to sit in her seat. Colvin is charged with assault, disorderly conduct, and violating segregation laws. Throughout the month of March, local African-American leaders meet with Montgomery city administrators concerning segregated buses. local NAACP president E.D. Nixon, Martin Luther King Jr., and Rosa Parks are present at the meeting. However, Colvin’s arrest does not ignite anger in the African-American community and a boycott plan is not devised. October On October 21, Eighteen-year-old Mary Louise Smith is arrested for not giving up her seat to a white bus rider. December On December 1, Rosa Parks is arrested for not allowing a white man to sit in her seat on the bus. The WPC launches a one-day bus boycott on December 2. Robinson also creates and distributes flyers throughout Montgomery’s African-American community concerning Parks’ case and a call to action: boycott the bus system of December 5. On December 5, the boycott was held and almost all members of Montgomery’s  African-American community participate. Robinson reached out to Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, pastors at two of the largest African-American churches in Montgomery. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is established and King is elected president. The organization also votes to extend the boycott. By December 8, the MIA presented a formal list of demands to Montgomery city officials. Local officials refuse to desegregate buses. On December 13, the MIA creates a carpooling system for African-American residents participating in the boycott. 1956 January King’s home is bombed on January 30. The following day, E.D. Dixon’s home is also bombed. February   On February 21, more than 80 leaders of the boycott are indicted as a result of Alabama’s anti-conspiracy laws. March King is indicted as the boycott’s leader on March 19. He is ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail. June   Bus segregation is ruled unconstitutional by a federal district court on June 5. November   By November 13, the Supreme Court upheld the district court’s ruling and struck down laws legalizing racial segregation on buses. However, the MIA will not end the boycott until the desegregation of buses was officially enacted. December   On December 20, the Supreme Court’s injunction against public buses is delivered to Montgomery city officials. The following day, December 21, Montgomery public buses are desegregated and the MIA ends its boycott. Aftermath In history books, it is often argued that the Montgomery Bus Boycott placed King in the national spotlight and launched the modern Civil Rights Movement. Yet how much do we know about Montgomery after the boycott? Two days after the desegregation of bus seating, a shot was fired into the front door of King’s home. The following day, a group of white men assaulted an African-American teenager exiting a bus. Soon after, two buses were fired at by snipers, shooting a pregnant woman in both of her legs. By January 1957, five African-American churches were bombed as was the home of Robert S. Graetz, who had sided with the MIA. As a result of the violence,  city officials suspended bus service for several weeks. Later that year, Parks, who had launched the boycott, left the city permanently for Detroit.

Improving Performance through Learning, Coaching & Development Essay - 1

Improving Performance through Learning, Coaching & Development - Essay Example Identification of the training and development needs In order to enhance the skills and talents of the employees of an outsourcing organization such as Endeavour, training and development is recognised as the most essential requirement. Without which neither an organization nor the employees might retain their portfolio and efficiency in the market among others. The training and development helps in imparting specific types of skills and abilities to the employees so as to enhance their level performances and dedication towards the assigned responsibilities. Due to which, the level of motivation and devotion towards work might get increased resulting in amplification of the total production and revenue of the organization. However, in case of a service providing organization like Endeavour, the employees need to offer varied types of training and development programs such as language training, cross training, on the job training, communication training and simulation training. With the help of language training programs, the employees are offered training about the type of words that might be used at the time of verbal communication with the customers. This might prove effective in enhancing the level of satisfaction and loyalty of the customers towards the brand among others in the market. Along with this, the brand value and equity of the brand (Endeavour) might be increased thereby amplifying its level of sustainability in this aggressive market among other existing rivals.... Without which neither an organization nor the employees might retain their portfolio and efficiency in the market among others. The training and development helps in imparting specific types of skills and abilities to the employees so as to enhance their level performances and dedication towards the assigned responsibilities. Due to which, the level of motivation and devotion towards work might get increased resulting in amplification of the total production and revenue of the organization. However, in case of a service providing organization like Endeavour, the employees need to offer varied types of training and development programs such as language training, cross training, on the job training, communication training and simulation training. With the help of language training programs, the employees are offered training about the type of words that might be used at the time of verbal communication with the customers. This might prove effective in enhancing the level of satisfactio n and loyalty of the customers towards the brand among others in the market. Along with this, the brand value and equity of the brand (Endeavour) might be increased thereby amplifying its level of sustainability in this aggressive market among other existing rivals. Other than this, cross training is also another sort of training that helps in gaining varied types of knowledge and skills from the employees of the other departments. With the help of these types of training options, an employee of call centre might gain the opportunity of getting promotions to higher levels within the organization. This might prove effective for the employee in reducing boredom due to repetition of work within a call-centre organization thereby amplifying its level of dedication.

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to C.S.Lewis - A Grief Observed - Essay Example I would like to raise significant insights after reading your apologetic writing â€Å"A Grief Observed† some weeks ago (Lewis 1). This is because the descriptions of incidents in the text inspired strong reactions in me. Furthermore, the writing stimulated my thinking consequently motivating me to have a conversation with you. This is because I admit that grieving after the demise of a friend or a loved one is a horrible experience for persons universally. I also admit that love causes peoples behavior to transform for better and occasionally to their detriment than any aspect of peoples life (Parrish & Parrish 61). However, my response to the text concerns offering information about people’s reaction to bereavement and their faith during such situations in my culture. Furthermore, I would like to offer information basing on how love currently adapts while faced with various challenges in the historical moments. Descriptions offered in the text â€Å"A Grief Observedà ¢â‚¬  regarding love presents some similarities and inconsistencies in my culture (Lewis 3). The bereavement as observed by the text is a challenge to love and loved ones. The demise of a loved one currently makes people in my culture feel worse off because life becomes uninteresting after such a scenario. In the present time, people can remarry after losing partners (Eldredge 117). As the author of this text, you did not consider remarrying to minimize your suffering caused by the demise of your partner. Furthermore, remaining unmarried is socially dangerous as depicted by how people treated you thereafter. It is commendable that even though you already assumed a confirmed bachelor title then at fifty six years you opted to marry a divorcee. Furthermore, you married someone you knew suffered from bone cancer a clearly risky decision. These happened because of the love that you had for Helen. Although, you attempted to assume the absence of Helen arguing that â€Å"love is not the whole of a man’s life† realities hit and your memories sprung back to her (Cassidy & Shaver 49). This shows that true love is extremely strong that it becomes exceedingly hard to forget a love one even after the demise. Presently, love adapts to such horrific incidents through remarriage and overwhelming love that people around victims offer. While applauding your courage to venture into marriage at that later date, I have to question your motive for doing so (Lewis 6). This is because I have never seen anyone marry at that age in my culture. Persons tend to find partners in much earlier ages. The love that God offers man remains unquestionable though you initially discredited this during your bereavement. The love for the welfare of other people, which God indeed has for persons he calls his children existed in you (Howell 54). The demise of Helen does not connote the absence of God’s love upon you. This is because God does not only show the love that he has ov er people by making them live continuously. Persons in my culture presently comprehend that the demise of their close partners is only a way that God fulfils his promises. The descriptions offered in the text regarding the availability of God necessarily emerge from the bereavement and the feeling that God neglects you. The text argues that seeking God in happiness with appreciation and commendation then he gladly

Critically discuss recent judicial decisions regarding the attitude of Essay

Critically discuss recent judicial decisions regarding the attitude of the courts to the settlement of disputes by ADR. Under w - Essay Example While this is the case, the alternative means of settling disputes can be classified into the most commonly used techniques and these tend to be highly reflective of the role of the independent third party. The said third party, in contrast to a judge in a court case, is often involved in the settling of disputes so that they can provide direction to the parties involved so that they are able to find suitable and satisfactory solutions to their disputes. When using alternative means of dispute resolution, the parties involved have much superior control over what they would like to gain from the resolution of the dispute and this control tends to depend on the procedure used in the arbitration. The settlement of disputes through the mediation that takes place between parties is has been found to be the best way to deal with many issues and it is only when intercessions do not work that some other means of reaching a settlement can be considered. It has been found that negotiations are often the best starting point for any form of dispute resolution and while the use of alternative dispute resolution is among the most reasonable means of settling court disputes, it can be said that it is not a requirement for the parties involved to be forced onto the negotiation table.1 An example of this is The Halsey Case of 2004 where a claim was brought by one Lillian Halsey, after her spouse died at Milton Keynes General Hospital as a result of an accident where as he was being fed through a nasal drip, the liquid food accidentally entered his lungs, causing his instant death. The disagreement that arose in this case was based on whether or not the inattention of the caregivers at the hospital was what caused the death of Bert Halsey, and when a post-mortem was conducted, its results were not conclusive since there was a disagreement between the practitioners who conducted the post-mortem over what caused the patient’s death. The lawyers representing Mrs Halsey wante d bereavement damages for their client, and wished to resolve the matter through mediation but this request was refused, since the accused party did not accept any liability, and therefore mediation would be out of place. In mediation, the parties select an independent third party, who will assist the parties to reach an acceptable solution and it is a requirement that the mediator should be an imaginative problem solver and be very much involved in the process of reaching a solution. The mediator will discuss the problem with the parties both together and separately in sessions that are known as `caucuses' and since these discussions are held in private, they should be frank and open, and the mediator will work towards persuading the parties to focus on their underlying interests and priorities.2 The role of the mediator should not be to be there to make judgments but to guide the parties to an acceptable solution and this requires that the mediator take on the role of an honest br oker not that of a judge.3 There are times, however, when mediations may end up failing and the mediator, as a neutral party in the negotiations, may be called upon be the court to give evidence. The Farm Assist case of 2009 is a case in point of such a situation since the court involved denied the application by the arbitrator to reject a summons that required her to provide verification concerning the attempt at conciliation that she had undertaken between the aggrieved parties. The court made the declaration that discretion in all matters of

Characteristics Of Victorian Age Literature

Characteristics Of Victorian Age Literature Historical Background of Victorian Age In the year 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and succeeded William the IV. She served for a period of 64 years, till her death in 1901 and it is one of the longest reigns in the history of England. The period was marked by many important social and historical changes that altered the nation in many ways. The population nearly doubled, the British Empire expanded exponentially and technological and industrial progress helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world. Chief Characteristics of Victorian Period While the country saw economic progress, poverty and exploitation were also equally a part of it. The gap between the rich and the poor increased significantly and the drive for material and commercial success was seen to propagate a kind of a moral decay in the society itself. The changing landscape of the country was another concern. While the earlier phase of Romanticism saw a celebration of the country side and the rich landscape of the flora and fauna, the Victorian era saw a changing of the landscape to one of burgeoning industries and factories. While the poor were exploited for their labor, the period witnessed the rise of the bourgeoisie or the middle class due to increasing trade between Britain and its colonies and the Reform Bill of 1832 strengthen their hold. There was also a shift from the Romantic ideals of the previous age towards a more realistic acceptance and depiction of society. One of the most important factors that defined the age was its stress on morality. Strict societal codes were enforced and certain activities were openly looked down upon. These codes were even harsher for women. A feminine code of conduct was levied on them which described every aspect of their being from the proper apparels to how to converse, everything had rules. The role of women was mostly that of being angels of the house and restricted to domestic confines. Professionally very few options were available to them as a woman could either become a governess or a teacher in rich households. Hence they were financially dependent on their husbands and fathers and it led to a commercialization of the institution of marriage. Victorian Novels Victorian Era is seen as the link between Romanticism of the 18th century and the realism of the 20th century. The novel as a genre rose to entertain the rising middle class and to depict the contemporary life in a changing society. Although the novel had been in development since the 18th century with the works of Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and the others, it was in this period that the novel got mass acceptance and readership. The growth of cities, a ready domestic market and one in the oversea colonies and an increase in printing and publishing houses facilitated the growth of the novel as a form. In the year 1870, an Education Act was passed which made education an easy access to the masses furthermore increasing literacy rates among the population. Certain jobs required a certain level of reading ability and simple novels catered to this by becoming a device to practice reading. Also the time of the daily commute to work for men and the time alone at home for women could be filled by reading which now became a leisure activity. As a response to the latter, the demand for fiction, rose substantially. The novels of the age mostly had a moral strain in them with a belief in the innate goodness of human nature. The characters were well rounded and the protagonist usually belonged to a middle class society who struggled to create a niche for himself in the industrial and mercantile world. The stress was on realism and an attempt to describe the daily struggles of ordinary men that the middle class reader could associate with. The moral tangents were perhaps an attempt to rescue the moral degradation prevalent in the society then and supplied the audience with hope and positivity. These moral angles allowed for inclusion of larger debates in fiction like the ones surrounding the woman question, marriage, progress, education, the Industrial Revolution. New roles for women were created because of the resultant economic market and their voice which was earlier not given cadence was now being spotted and recognized and novels became the means where the domestic confinement of women was qu estioned. Novels reflecting the larger questions surrounding women, like those of their roles and duties. In the latter half of the century, Married Womens Property Acts was passed, the women suffrage became an important point of debate, and poverty and other economic reasons challenged the traditional roles of women. The novel as a form became the medium where such concerns were raised. Charles Dickens: A Popular Victorian Author In the same year that Queen Victoria ascended the throne, Charles Dickens published the first parts of his novel Oliver Twist, a story of an orphan and his struggle with poverty in the early part of the century. As the Industrial Revolution surged on, the class difference between the traditional aristocracy and the middle class was gradually getting reduced and with the passing of the Reform Act, the middle class got the right to vote and be politically engaged in the affairs of the nation. While the aristocracy criticized the work that the bourgeoisie had to do in the factories and the industries, to maintain the supremacy that they had the privilege of, the middle class in response promoted work as virtue. The result of this led to a further marginalization of those struck by poverty and were part of neither groups. The Poor Law that was passed made public assistance available to the economically downtrodden only through workhouses where they had to live and work. The conditions of these workhouses were deliberately made to be unbearable so as to avoid the poor from becoming totally dependent on assistance from outside. Families were split, food was inedible, and the circumstances were made inhospitable to urge the poor to work and fight a way through poverty. However, these ultimately became a web difficult to transgress and people chose living in the streets rather than seeking help from a workhouse. Dickens was aware of these concerns as a journalist and his own life and autobiographical experiences entered the novel through Oliver Twist. His novel enters the world of the workhouses, the dens of thieves and the streets and highlights that while there was economic prosperity on one side, there was poverty on the other and while morality, virtue were championed, hypocrisy was equally a part of society. His social commentary entered the world of his fiction. In 1836, before Oliver Twist, his serials of Pickwick Papers were published which led him to instant recognition and popularity. It started the famous Victorian mode of serial novels which dominated the age till the end of the century. It not only made the reader anxious for the next serial to come and spread the popularity of the book itself, but also gave the writer a chance to alter his work according to the mood and expectation of his audience. His works enjoyed continuous popularity and acceptance and Dickens as a writer became famous for his wit, satire, social commentary and his in depth characters. Bleak House, A Christmas Carroll, David Copperfield, Great Expectations are some of his other great works. William Makepeace Thackeray: English Victorian Writer Thackeray was born in Calcutta, India and was also an important writer but one who expressed his age very differently from Dickens and other writers. He is most noted for his satirical work Vanity Fair that portrays the many myriads of English society. Although he was seen as equally talented as Dickens, but his views were deemed old-fashioned which hindered his popularity. He did not readily accept the changing values of the age. His work is seen almost as a reactionary voice. Vanity Fair for example has the subtitle A novel without a Hero and in a period where other writers usually embarked on a portrayal of the coming of age of a hero, Thackeray himself very deliberately opposes it. While the protagonist of Dickens David Copperfield invites the reader to identify with him, Thackerays Becky Sharp is the conniving, cynical and clever. Even his novel Pendennis, is a complete opposite of the novel David Copperfield, although both were published the same year. Thackeray did not identif y with the middle class because hence his novels lack a middle class hero. When novels were catering to reassure middle class self-worth, Thackeray denied to give that assurance. Even, Dobbin, a middle class character in Vanity Fair, is not completely granted hero status and a tone of criticism lingers on the character throughout the work. In The History of Henry Esmond, Thackeray deals with questions of not only of the concerns of society at large but also of individual identity. While most writers supported the idea of innate goodness in the individual human self, Thackeray differed. For example the character of Henry Esmond is also not a completely positive character and the negatives of his self, is perhaps Thackerays critique of Victorian emphasis on the individual. An individualism that focused on personal virtue and morality is seen as Thackeray to at the risk of selfishness bordering on narcissism and self-absorption. His discontent with his age became more vocal in later works like Phillip and The New Comes. While the former is injected with autobiographical accounts and is goes back to the satirical tone of Vanity Fair, the latter is a harsh critique of the material greed of the age and a critique of the contemporary culture of the age. As a result of his strong opinions of his society and its issues, and a critical rejection of the dominant concerns found in works of other writers of the same age, Thackeray stands in isolation as an outsider to this circle due his skepticism of the changing Victorian society. His stand did not change with time and lends to a social criticism and commentary of a very different sort in his works. Catherine, A Shabby Genteel Story, The Book of Snobs are some of his other works. Women Novelists of the Victorian Era The era saw a proliferation of women writers. The novel as a genre was initially seen as feminine literature and as the literacy rate among women increased, a new need for women writers catering to this segment was answered by these writers. Mrs. Gaskell Elizabeth Gaskell, popularly called Mrs. Gaskell wrote short stories and novels that dealt with presenting a social picture of her society in the 1850s. While it was a time when doubts about material progress reaching the actual lives of the ordinary man were starting to be raised, Gaskell mostly gave an optimistic view of the time. Gaskells North and South for example, seeks to present an answer to division and difference by presenting a form of a social reconciliation. There is an attempt at reconciliation of many divergent streams in the novel. Mary Barton was her first novel, published in 1848 with a subtitle, A Tale of Manchester Life and sticks to the Victorian concern of presenting the daily life of the middle class. Cranford came next in the form of a serial and was edited by Dickens for the magazine called Household Words. It was received positively and Gaskell gained immediate popularity for it. It centered on women characters like Mary Smith, Miss Deborah and the others. However the book was also critiqued for its lack of a significant story line. She was also famous for her gothic style in some of her works and this made Gaskell slightly different from other novelist of her time. Ruth, Sylvias Lovers, Wives and Daughters were other significant works by her. George Eliot Perhaps the one most famous women writers, George Eliot still maintains a canonical status. Her real name was Mary Ann Evans or Marian Evans and she adopted the pseudonym George Eliot to escape the stereotype attached with women writers and successfully entered the domain of serious writing. She had a controversial personal life and there too was not hesitant to break the norms of societal feminine boundaries. Adam Bede was her first novel, published 1859, set in a rural landscape and deals with a love rectangle. It received critical appreciation for its psychological descriptions of the characters and a realistic description of rural life. Mill on the Floss, 1860, revolves around the life of Tom and Maggie Tulliver and traces their life as they grow up near the River Floss. Historical, political references to those of the Napoleonic Wars and the Reform Bill of 1832 inform the novel and lend it a more intellectual and serious strain. Autobiographical elements also form a part of the novel as George Eliot fuses herself partly with Maggie, the protagonist of the book. After Silas Marner (1861), Romola (1863), Felix Holt the Radical, (1866) came Eliots most popular novel Middlemarch in the year 1871. The novel revolves around the life of complex characters and the Reform Bill of 1832. Subtitled A Study of Provincial Life the plot is based in the fictitious town of Midlands. The greatness of the novel was because of the vast portraiture of country and urban life that it depicts, its complex plots and characters, and its stark realistic projection of the time its set in. The role of education, the women question, politics, s ocial commentary, idealism are other complicated strands of the novel. Bronte Sisters Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte were the three famous novelist daughters of Patrick Bronte, a well-educated man and a writer himself; and Maria Bronte. The family together went through a series of tragedies where Maria Bronte died very early and none of the three sisters could reach the age of 40. Charlotte died at the age of just 39, Emily at 30 and Anne at 29. All three were educated by their father at home and all of them were fond of storytelling since childhood. Charlotte Bronte is famous for her novel Jane Eyre, published in 1847. The titular protagonist of the book, Jane Eyre, and her struggles in life and love for Mr. Rochester along with the process of her mental and spiritual growth are traced. The novel is believed to have a feminist tone to it and the famous woman in the attic character of Bertha Mason raises several gender and feminist issues. Emily Bronte, the second of the trio, became famous for her novel Wuthering Heights, published in the year 1847 and the only boo k written by her. Like George Eliot, Emily wrote under the pseudonym of Ellis Bell but after her death Charlotte published the novel with her sisters real name. The novel is the love story of Heathcliff and  Catherine Earnshaw. Anne Bronte, the last of the three, wrote two novels: Agnes Grey  (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall  (1848). The former was an autobiographical work and the latter is about a woman named   Helen Graham who transgresses marital and social boundaries to assert her freedom. It is seen a substantial piece of feminist writing. All three sisters hence larger societal questions through mostly women characters and the plot focusses on their life with themes of love and passion. They hence enjoyed a large female readership and have achieved status as classics of literature. Late Victorian Novelists Thomas Hardy was the most important writer in the later part of the Victorian Era. He was influenced by both the romanticism of the earlier era and the social commentary of Dickens. He is famous for the conception of the fictional town of Wessex. Far from the Madding Crowd  published in 1874,  The Mayor of Casterbridge  in 1886,  Tess of the dUrbervilles  in 1891, and  Jude the Obscure  in 1895 are his famous novels but Hardy was also known for his poetry. The late part of the period also saw the rise of the sensational novels by writers like Wilkie Collins and they too were based on the life of the middle class. The Woman in White (1860) and The Moonstone (1868) are Collins famous sensational novels. Anthony Trollope, another writer in the second half of the era, was himself from a middle class background and wrote the Phineas Finn (1869) and The Way we Live (1874). It was the time when Lewis Carroll wrote his famous Alices Adventures in Wonderland published in 1865 an d stood very different from other because of the child fiction genre it became a classic of the Carrolls different dreamy world that stood in direct contrast with the realistic tone of novels that was at its peak. George Gissing, George Moore, Samuel Butler, Henry James, Robert Louis Stevenson were other novels of the era. Rudyard Kipling and his short stories based in India pointed to the larger historical process of colonialism happening at the time. It was in 1877 that Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Then also came George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, another two most famous writers of the time. Overview of Victorian Period The age hence was important for the rise of the novel as a genre and form which itself saw transformation within the period. From romanticism to realism, politics to passion, optimism to pessimism, the novel could successfully deal with the changing mood of the society. Class, gender, individualism, society all were given space in the novel. The period was known to have witnessed the massive change of Britain from an agrarian to industrial landscape. All concerns informed the novel and the novel was made into perhaps the most important genre of the age and the ones that would follow. Modern Period After Queen Victorias death in 1901 came the period which saw writers like Joseph Conrad, H.G Wells, D.H Lawrence, E.M Forster and others. The most important event in the early part of the 20th century was the First World War that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was a crucial event that changed the way of the world, impacted the psyche of the people and also the way literature was written. The pessimism and doubts that were a part of the writings of the earlier period may perhaps have anticipated the War. Hence Joseph Conrad, instead of talking of the society and its change now focused on dislocated individuals, a question of where one belongs in a seemingly cruel world. Colonialism are important part of his works wherein he presents a stark reality of exploitation and greed. Lord Jim, Nostromo, Heart of Darkness, are some of his major works. H.G Wells was a prolific writer and wrote around a hundred novels. The Time Machine, Ann Veronica, The History of Mr. Polly, The War of the Wo rlds, are some his important novels and Tono- Bungay is seen as his most brilliant work. Lawrence, was a controversial writer because of the open sexual references in his work. His work was different because of the sensual language and emotional feelings that made them. Therefore the novel then moved from the realism of the world outside more towards a description of the reality of the individual within. Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love are important works by him. E.M Forster, lastly wrote his famous Howards End that deals with the Schegel and the Wilcox family and the society in 1910, brilliantly and delicately described which would then be transformed permanently by the First World War. The Georgian Poets and World War I During the reign of George V, was published five anthologies of poetry by Edward Marsh in the year 1912 to 1922. Many important writers like of the time like Edward Thomas, Robert Graves, D.H Lawrence, Walter de la Mare contributed to these anthologies. The main concern was to depict the real issues surrounding the world around the World War. Modernism Modernism as a movement was a response to the horrors of World War-I and to the rising industrial societies and growth of cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It challenged the harmony and the rationality of the Enlightenment and sought to reinvent art and literature of the age. To do so, it broke away from the works of the past and conventions that were earlier held at a pedestal. The view that traditional conceptions of beauty and on the whole the meaning of art itself did not fit the age lead to another movement called Dadaism that consciously set to redefine art itself. The movement was seen as anti-art that aimed to upturn its order. Chaos then as the basic antithesis to order was abundantly used by artists. Started by Tristan Tzara (1896- 1963) as a reaction against the senseless violence of the First World War and to reflect the anarchy that it spread in the social system as well as in the lives of ordinary people. What was also opposed was the conception of what was worthy of being the object of art. The classical subjects were replaced by the mundane as the urinal that Marcel Duchamp placed as an object of art in his gallery. Also in his LHOOQ Duchamps Mona Lisa with a moustache was a direct means to shake the viewer and the age out from his complacency that lead to the war itself. It was the direct expression of disillusionment with the war and that art too had lost its meaning like the literature of the classical time. The breaking down of any previously set rules and a violent portrayal of freedom of expression to shock and awe was the channel of the time that saw the violence of the World War firsthand. The artists and writers of the Dada movement were mostly war veterans and expressed through their work the psychological devastation of the war. The call for re-invention was echoed in the movement and stood for what modernism broadly aimed at. Thematic and Technical Features of Modern Literature The conception that reality could be easily be comprehended was replaced by modernism with a more subjective argument. Reality became not what was directly seen but what was behind the apparent surfaces and it took a crude look at the ugly, the stark behind the glossy surfaces. It was to raise these questions that distortion became a crucial trope in the visual arts of the era. Comtes Positivism could no longer be used to describe reality. The distorted images force the onlooker to step out of his comfort zone and to question his conception of reality. It highlights the dialectical relationship between the object of expression and the language that expresses it. This was echoed in the Literature of the time where sentences are fragmented and deliberately left incomplete as in Waiting for Godot. Dialogues are seldom completed and there is an inability to find the correct words to describe the state of the self. This breakdown of language after the World War calls out for a need to rei nvent language to fit the post war world. Hitlers use of almost an enigmatic, opera type use of words (he admired Wagner) that achieved his mass appeal, did also lead to the war. It was perhaps then necessary to breakdown language to reinvent it. The distortion and the fragments not only hint at the former but to a unity that needs to be rediscovered. The half-sentence make the reader seek to complete them and participate in the call for a search of a new unity and identity which is Pounds injunction to Make it New. The onlooker/reader is removed from his role as a mere passive observer to an active one who contributes to the meaning of the art he views/reads. Hence the incompleteness was not aimed at a completely pessimistic answer that leads to a loss of hope, but to different source of comfort similar to what T.S Eliot finds in the world of shanti shanti shanti at the end of Wasteland. Overview of Modern Age Literature James Joyce set his novels and short stories in a small city of Dublin. Dubliners published in 1914 is a part of the modernist literature along with The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses. Stephen Daedalus is a central character both in the Portrait and Ulysses. The latter however was banned. The next important writer was Virginia Woolf who was associated with the Bloomsbury Group which was a group of intellectuals and writers that met at her house which included E.M Forster and Leopold Woolf. Woolf attempted to present the changed world through a changed style of writing. In 1915 came her first novel called The Voyage Out and then came Night and Day in 1919. There was a realistic serious tone to both these books. Modernist strain in her writing began with her next novel call Jacobs Room which was published in 1922 along with Ulysses. The rest of the novels like Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, and Orlando had the same modernist tone. Stream of Consciousness Picassos cubism became an important part of modernisms subjective view of reality and a need to move away from traditional forms of art. It was this subjectivity that lead to the stream of consciousness technique of narration, as used by Virginia Woolf in Mrs. Dalloway. The focus on the interiority of the self and its perception of the objects it conceives was way to grasp the changed notion of reality. The Pre-Speech level of consciousness (as Henry James called it) of the character where the narrative deals with what is freely sensed or felt by the characters rather than what is directly uttered changed the way that narratives functioned. The expression of the self was also to highlight the crisis of the self within itself. The existential view of life and its cyclical futile form was what entrapped it rendering it unable to transcend futility of existence. This pessimistic view was a residue of the war which saw man as Sisyphus with his worthless search for meaning, identity and u nity in an age that cannot satiate his search. In The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus dwells on this futility of the modern experience. Poetic Drama The term poetic drama was made popular during the middle of the 20th century. The term was made famous due to the works of T.S Eliot who used his work as a reaction to the drama of G. B Shaw and Galsworthy who were immensely influenced by Henrik Ibsen who wrote A Dolls House and Ghosts. In the The Quintessence of Ibsenism written by G.B Shaw, he accepted the formers influence on him. T.S Eliot apart from being a poet was also a critic and wrote many important works like Possibility of Poetic Drama and Poetry and Drama in which he expressed his belief that poetry and drama are linked inseparably. W.B. Yeats, W. H. Auden and other poets also tried writing poetic drama. IMPORTANT LITERARY TERMS Dramatic Monologue A persona poem or what is popularly termed as a dramatic monologue in poetry, uses the theatrical device of a monologue where a character or person on stage speaks alone. Often done to highlight the character or authors internal thoughts and vocalize them to an implied audience, it was used in poetry in the 20th century. Romantic poetry was seen as the root of the same. It is usually one persons speech to oneself or the audience / reader wherein he talks about a subjective view on a situation, topic, or any other character. Robert Browning was the poet who perfected the use of dramatic monologue in his poems like My Last Duchess, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister. His use of the device influenced Eliot and other modernist writers. Paradox As the term signifies, a paradox occurs when there is self-contradiction in a sentence. Even ideas can have a paradox in them. It is done often for stylistic reasons and to express a complicated thought or feeling. Hamlets line I must be cruel only to be kind. (Act 3, Scene iv line 178) in Shakespeares play with the same title is an example of paradox where two contradictory emotions of kindness and cruelty are brought together. Antithesis It basically denotes the coming together of complete opposites in a sentence. It is a rhetorical device often used by orators. For example, Goethes quote Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing is an example of the same. Symbol Derived from the greek word Symbolom, a symbol is a word or object that stands for another word or object. For example a fox is a symbol for cleverness and dove is the universal symbol for peace. Problem Play Used mostly with reference to drama, a problem play usually deals with an attempt to focus the public opinion about a social concern. It engages therefore with a problem in the most feasible manner and may either seek to solve it or complicate it further. It was made famous by Henrik Ibsen, a Norwegian Playwright and even used by G.B Shaw in his plays. Essay Usually a piece of prose writing that is aimed at being a thoughtful piece of writing with strong intellectual debates and undertones. It is derived from the word exagium that in Latin means a trial by weight. The form is believed to have emerged in the Renaissance and Francis Bacon in 1597 published his Essays. Novel A novel is a piece of literature that can be fictional or real and is written in prose. It is very different from drama and poetry by the extent of its length. There are many sub genres that can be a part of the novel itself. In fact a single novel is often is result of play of these various strands of literature. The root of the word Novel or Novella signifies something new as it was a later conception in the history of literature. It came after poetry and drama. It was the 18th and the 19th century that form became a major literary field with writers like Daniel Defoe, the author of Robinson Crusoe; Fielding, who wrote Tom Jones and Samuel Richardson, Charles Dickens and others. After the romantic phase there was a revival of the gothic fiction in works like Ann Radcliffs Mysteries of Udolfo and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Gothic was one such genre of the novel form. Realist novels, Sensational novels, domestic novels are just some of the others. On the whole the novel can be seen as a fictional narrative in prose, generally longer than a short story. Unlike the epic, which is now seen as a dead genre, the novel is still enjoying its high status in the literary market as perhaps, it has evolved with the continuously evolving world. Free Verse Free verse is a type of structure which does not have a fixed meter or regular rhythm. Even the line length varies from one sentence to another. The cadence is dependent solely on the wish of the writer but sometimes alternates between stressed and unstressed syllables. It was derived from the word freo a middle-english word that meant free. Many great writers and poets experimented with the free verse style including Milton in his Samson Agonistes. Short Story   A short story is also a form of fiction writing but is different from the novel because of the length due to which it gets its name. It can be a highly serious work of literature, a didactic one with a moral, a part of childrens fiction and is also open to experimentation. For example, Rudyard Kipling wrote many short stories. The word short comes from the word sceort which means the same. Defoe also wrote short stories because of the popularity of serial novels at his time. It is however Edgar Allen Poe, who is considered to be a seminal figure responsible for the popularity of short stories as a genre. Joyce wrote them in his work titled Dubliners and Kafka wrote Metamorphosis using the same. FEATURES AND FORMS OF DRAMA Drama is one of the oldest forms of literature along with the epic. It is believed to have derived from the ancient Greek and Roman works. Plot A plot is the main trajectory of drama and called be called as its story line. In Poetics, while defining all the major parts of a drama, Aristotle believed that the plot was of prime importance. It was so because it the plot that could be success at achieving a catharsis in the audience which is the purging of the feelings of fear and pity. It was catharsis that Aristotle believed was the main aim of drama and a good plot was one that could successful